--- id: "20260916-0233-has-anyone-actually-overlaid" title: "Has anyone actually overlaid the 1871-1932 Braille/New York Point standards-war geography onto today's state-by-state Nemeth-vs-UEB split?" type: "capture" status: "promoted" promoted_to: ["30-notes/claim-cook-walker-2015-named-war-of-the-dots-and-logged-earliest-nemeth-ueb-state-roster.md","30-notes/claim-nemeth-ueb-state-split-settled-gradually-2015-2022-not-at-rollout.md","40-entities/entity-william-bell-wait.md","40-entities/entity-carlton-anne-cook-walker.md"] not_promoted: ["Central question status ('Has anyone actually overlaid the 1871-1932 geography onto today's split?') — a null result / restatement of the open question, not a standalone claim. Folded into the 2026-09-19 progress line on 50-questions/question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split.md rather than made a note. The one positive finding inside it (the parallel was named by title at the moment of formation) is already the substance of claim-cook-walker-2015.","Secondary methodological finding (journals.sagepub.com 403'd archive_page for O'Brien/Pogrund/Rudinger 2026) — not a claim; consistent with the existing sources.md known-blocked SAGE entry. No new note or flag; not re-logged as a tooling gap per the no-network operating rule.","Further leads (O'Brien/Pogrund/Rudinger 2026 JVIB; NCADEMI/OCALI Oct 2025 guide; Keller 1909 NY Point testimony; AAIB 1871-1880 Proceedings; Minnesota DOE and PaTTAN state docs) — unfetched leads, not claims. Carried in the capture body for a future session; the AAIB proceedings noted in the question progress as the likeliest primary for a historical roster.","Entity candidate: American Association of Instructors of the Blind (AAIB) — not promoted. Fails the stricter org bar (entity-page-spec v0.1): load-bearing only within the single braille-standards cluster, not across more than one independent cluster. Stays a mention."] origin: "batch" writer_model: "claude-sonnet-5" date_created: "2026-09-16T00:00:00.000Z" provenance: "batch run 2026-09-16, follow-up to 10-inbox/raw/2026-08-22-do-current-us-state-level-nemeth-vs-ueb.md and its routed question 50-questions/question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split.md" derived_from: [] verifies: "question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split" tags: ["disability-history","braille","tactile-technology","standards-wars","accessibility-tech","nemeth-code","unified-english-braille","cross-time-bridge"] source_url: "https://nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/bm/bm15/bm1511/bm151104.htm" source_author: "Carlton Anne Cook Walker" source_date: "2015-12" source_title: "A Cry for Unity in Creating Textbooks for the Blind" source_venue: "Braille Monitor (National Federation of the Blind), December 2015" source_quote: "Uniformity in Braille code is a necessity, not a luxury. We do not need a repeat of the \"War of the Dots\" —especially not in the vital areas of math and science." source_tier: 2 source_sha: "5a6527946454a72afaba4c25825dd8d686ca7fc2fe37816f5f10f001e1678c68" other_sources: [{"url":"https://bearadvocacy.com/2021/06/21/current-status-of-nemeth-code-use-in-the-united-states/","author":"BEARadvocacy (organizational byline)","title":"Current Status of Nemeth Code Use in the United States — Updated for Pi Day 2022","venue":"BEAR — Blindness Education and Advocacy Resources","date":"2022-03-14 (updated); re-accessed 2026-09-16","tier":3,"sha":"1733b13538b562726d52432a5062e28d32f45e36037b595599a3ae777da0b524","note":"Re-fetched this session; sha256 identical to the 2026-08-22 capture's, confirming the page and its 31/7/11/1 figures are unchanged 6+ months later. Already promoted to claim-bear-2022-count-most-us-states-default-to-nemeth-for-technical-braille; cited here only for the trajectory comparison in Claim 3."},{"url":"https://www.brailleauthority.org/considerations-and-impact-adopting-unified-english-braille-ueb-united-states","author":"Braille Authority of North America","title":"Considerations and Impact of Adopting Unified English Braille (UEB) in the United States","venue":"Braille Authority of North America (BANA)","date":"accessed 2026-09-16 (document itself undated; references cited within are 2011)","tier":1,"sha":"159d825a26bbd20dc76ebcde11de21ef5d5c56a29463911bf9594202f3acedf4","note":"BANA's own pre-adoption impact analysis. Discusses individual/organizational/production/software impact in general terms; contains no state-by-state breakdown and no reference to the 1871-1932 history. Read in full; not used for a core claim, listed for completeness since it was fetched and archived."}] seek_code_commit: "17d9798" --- This capture is a direct follow-up to [[question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split]], whose 2026-08-22 progress note concluded that "no source anywhere that actually overlays the historical state/institution adoption map onto the current one" had been found, and left the question `status: open`. A fresh search a month later, run with different query strategies (academic/disability-studies angles, direct BANA/NBA roster hunts, and a search for any 2020s-era writer who might have performed the comparison), surfaces one substantial new primary document — an earlier and more explicit invocation of the historical parallel than the one already in the vault — but does not find the overlay itself. The central question's status is unchanged: still not done by anyone located in the citable literature. Existing vault coverage not repeated here: [[claim-war-of-the-dots-competing-braille-systems-1829-1932]] (the historical multi-code era), [[claim-1871-1932-braille-standards-war-fought-institution-by-institution-not-fixed-lines]] (Irwin's institution-by-institution account), [[claim-nemeth-ueb-split-is-a-notation-convention-not-a-competing-script-dispute]] (the structural disanalogy between the two disputes), [[claim-bana-2012-ueb-adoption-kept-nemeth-code-parallel]] (the 2012 mechanism), [[claim-bear-2022-count-most-us-states-default-to-nemeth-for-technical-braille]] (the 2022 31/7/11/1 count), and [[claim-nfb-2016-warned-ueb-rollout-could-repeat-1871-1932-fragmentation]] (Jacobson's January 2016 rhetorical warning). --- ## Claim: A December 2015 National Federation of the Blind essay explicitly named the historical "War of the Dots" as the fate to avoid, one month before UEB rollout, while itself compiling the earliest located state-by-state Nemeth/UEB roster **Claim type:** mixed — historical/interpretive framing (Tier 3-4 acceptable, Tier 2 achieved) plus a quantitative state count (Tier 1-2 required). **verifies:** question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split Carlton Anne Cook Walker, then manager of Braille education programs at the National Federation of the Blind's Jernigan Institute, wrote in the December 2015 *Braille Monitor* — a month before UEB's formal January 4, 2016 implementation date — that a repeat of the historical episode was the explicit fear driving NFB's lobbying campaign against states adopting "All UEB" math instruction: > "Uniformity in Braille code is a necessity, not a luxury. We do not need a repeat of the 'War of the Dots' —especially not in the vital areas of math and science." This predates and differs from the already-vaulted [[claim-nfb-2016-warned-ueb-rollout-could-repeat-1871-1932-fragmentation|Jacobson piece]] (January 2016) in kind, not just date: Jacobson posed the parallel as a rhetorical question ("are we turning the clock back"), while Cook Walker names the historical episode directly by its own title and asserts the comparison as settled fact needing no argument. The same essay reports the results of an NFB canvass of states' declared positions at that moment — the earliest state-by-state roster located in this vault's research to date: > "At this point, fourteen states (California, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin) have indicated that they will follow BANA's guidance to retain Nemeth Code. Two states (North Carolina and Utah) have indicated that the state will go the 'All UEB' route, but students who request Nemeth materials will still be provided these materials, and only one state (Massachusetts) has declared that it plans to completely eliminate Nemeth Code... One state, South Dakota, has indicated that it will fully support both... while three states (Kansas, North Dakota, and Wyoming) have declared that the... question will be decided on a piecemeal, local level by each school district." The essay itself notes most states had not yet taken a position ("To date, the majority of the states have not taken a final position on this matter"), meaning only 21 of 50 states had a declared stance as of December 2015. As an official NFB publication under a named author writing in her organizational capacity, this clears Tier 2 and the quantitative sourcing floor for the 21-state breakdown; it is a self-report from an advocacy canvass rather than a neutral survey, a caveat the source shares with the later BEAR count. --- ## Claim: The documented state-by-state Nemeth/UEB positions moved substantially between the two located snapshots (December 2015 and March 2022), showing the modern split settled gradually over years rather than resolving at rollout — but the two counts use different methodologies and cannot be read as a clean before/after **Claim type:** quantitative comparison — Tier 1-2 required for each side; both sides are advocacy-org self-reports, so the comparison is recorded but flagged. Cook Walker's December 2015 count found 14 states committed to retaining Nemeth as default, out of only 21 states with any declared position at all (29 undeclared). [[claim-bear-2022-count-most-us-states-default-to-nemeth-for-technical-braille|BEAR's March 2022 count]] found 31 states plus DC defaulting to Nemeth, 7 defaulting to UEB, 11 leaving the choice to the IEP team, and 1 undecided — all 50 states plus DC accounted for. `[unverified-quant — needs primary]` on both ends: neither source is a primary BANA/NBA roster, and the two canvasses ask subtly different questions (Cook Walker: which states have publicly "indicated" a plan at the moment of rollout; BEAR: which states currently have a "default code" policy, six-plus years later). Taken together, they show the modern split was not a single decision made once in 2012-2016 and then fixed — most states were still undeclared at rollout, and the Nemeth-default column grew from a floor of 14 to 31+DC as previously-undeclared states settled a position over the following years. This is a point of resemblance to the 1871-1932 side of the comparison independent of geography: [[claim-1871-1932-braille-standards-war-fought-institution-by-institution-not-fixed-lines|Irwin's account]] likewise describes the historical split as something individual institutions arrived at gradually, over decades, rather than a line drawn once and held. --- ## Central question status **Has anyone actually overlaid the 1871-1932 geography onto today's state-by-state split?** `[unverified — could not confirm or deny after search]`. **verifies: question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split** This session's search — run independently of and a month after the 2026-08-22 capture, using disability-studies/academic-history queries, direct BANA/NBA roster hunts, and searches specifically for any writer who might have performed the comparison in the years since — did not surface a different result. No scholarly paper, advocacy report, BANA/NBA document, or blog post located anywhere overlays a documented 1871-1932 state-or-institution adoption map onto a current Nemeth/UEB state map. What is now confirmed, beyond the 2026-08-22 finding: the historical parallel has been named explicitly, by title, by a named NFB official (Cook Walker, December 2015) — not just gestured at rhetorically (Jacobson, January 2016) — meaning practitioners were self-consciously invoking the specific 1871-1932 episode by name at the exact moment the modern split was forming, not only in hindsight. That strengthens the case that the *resemblance* is real and recognized inside the field, but it is still not the same thing as anyone having checked whether the geography lines up. No primary 1871-1932 state-by-state (as opposed to named-individual-institution) roster was located either, which would be needed on the historical side even if a current primary roster existed on the modern side — so the overlay remains not just unperformed but, on present evidence, not yet resourceable by a single search session. The question stays open. A secondary methodological finding worth recording: `journals.sagepub.com` article pages 403'd `archive_page` on this session's attempt to reach O'Brien, Pogrund & Rudinger (2026), "Current Perspectives on Unified English Braille as a Complete Code in the United States for Literary and Technical Content," *JVIB* — consistent with the existing `sources.md` known-blocked entry for that publisher platform (Tushman/Newman/Romanelli, 2026-09-02). This paper remains an unfetched further lead, not a source used here. --- ## Further leads - O'Brien, Pogrund & Rudinger (2026), "Current Perspectives on Unified English Braille as a Complete Code in the United States for Literary and Technical Content," *JVIB* — https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145482X251410163 — 403'd via `archive_page` this session; still unfetched. Published online January 2026, so likely the most current secondary account of the state situation; worth a manual-consultation attempt or an institutional-access route. - NCADEMI/OCALI, "Braille Accessibility in State Assessments: Roles, Responsibilities, and Strategies" (October 2025, updated December 2025) — https://ncademi.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/braille-assessment-guide.pdf — fetched and read in full this session (federally-funded OSEP cooperative-agreement document, Tier 1-2 candidate); contains an "Appendix B: UEB Math/Science vs UEB with Nemeth" but no state-by-state roster. Worth checking future NCADEMI/AT&AEM Center publications for one. - "Testimony to the Uniform Type Committee" (Helen Keller's 1909 New York Point testimony), hosted by a New York City civil-rights-history project — https://nyccivilrightshistory.org/topics/seeking-equity-for-disabled-students/right-to-communicate/keller-ny-point/ — not fetched this session; could be the primary text behind the Keller letter Irwin references secondhand in the already-vaulted claim. - *Proceedings of the American (Association of) Instructors of the Blind, 1871-1880* — scanned copy at Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofame7184unse — the actual 1871 convention proceedings that adopted New York Point; the likeliest primary source for a real institution-by-institution roster at the founding moment of the historical war, not yet read. - Minnesota DOE, "Nemeth or Unified English Braille (UEB)" — https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=MDE033823&RevisionSelectionMethod=latestReleased&Rendition=primary — not fetched; a state DOE primary document, one candidate building block toward an eventual Tier 1 roster if enough states' equivalents were assembled one at a time. - Pennsylvania PaTTAN guidance document (carried over from the 2026-08-22 capture's leads, still unfetched) — https://www.pattan.net/CMSPages/GetAmazonFile.aspx?path=~%5Cpattan%5Cmedia%5Cmaterials%5Cpublications%5Cfiles%5Cpaces_ueb-code-guidance-doc-11-23-wbl.pdf --- ## Entity candidates - William Bell Wait — person — the sighted designer of New York Point (see [[claim-william-bell-wait-sighted-designer-of-new-york-point]]); has a claim-note but no entity page, despite being the foundational figure the entire historical side of this comparison is measured against — every institution-by-institution account (Irwin's memoir, the AAIB's 1871 adoption) traces back to his design and his institutional authority as superintendent of the New York Institution. Flagging first, per the standing note that this vault under-catches the older figure a comparison is anchored to. - Carlton Anne Cook Walker — person — previously judged (2026-08-22 capture) not to clear the entity bar as "essentially the named byline of one source." This session's document is a different, more substantial appearance: an organizational advocacy campaign she managed in her official NFB Jernigan Institute capacity, including a president's letter to all 50 state departments of education and an NFB membership resolution (2015-29) — independent institutional action beyond authorship of a single blog post. Re-flagging with this added context for the queen to weigh. - American Association of Instructors of the Blind (AAIB) — concept/org — the body that formally adopted New York Point in 1871, named repeatedly across sources this session but with no entity page; its 1871-1880 convention proceedings (see Further leads) may be the actual primary document an eventual overlay attempt would need. ## Safety flags None encountered this session. All fetched pages (NFB Braille Monitor "A Cry for Unity" essay, BANA's "Considerations and Impact" page, re-fetch of the BEAR advocacy blog, the NCADEMI/OCALI PDF) were checked for addressed-to-AI language, override language, claimed authority, tier self-assignment, file-system instructions, credential requests, and urgency framing — none fired. All TLS provenance recorded as verified; no elevated-suspicion sources this session.